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+ 12V: processor, graphics card, fans and some PCIe expansion cards. It is also the main voltage of the motherboard, although it must go through its own VRMs to regulate it. In general, it is the rail that serves the hardware components with the highest consumption.
+ 5V: mechanical hard drives, optical drives, some PCIe and USB expansion cards. All USB ports on a PC run at 5V, and that includes the peripherals that connect to them.
+ 3.3V: RAM memory and SSDs in M.2 format. Furthermore, all PCIe sockets are also capable of providing + 3.3V.
The reason the sources have different voltage values and therefore different rails is because of the electrical requirements of the components. As the transistors got smaller and smaller on the chips, it became preferable for them to operate with smaller voltage values, and this became more and more imperative as the transistor density in the processors increased.
To supply large amounts of low-voltage power to the processor, since the Pentium era, motherboards began to incorporate a voltage regulator to be able to control themselves what voltage and current is supplied to each component. Most modern processors can require up to 100A at 2V or less, so it is not practical to take these values out of the + 12V rail and be able to do it from another that works at a lower voltage, since it means less work for the regulator.